Forest Cobra
Reptiles Active day and night

Forest Cobra

Naja melanoleuca

Meet Africa's largest cobra, a glossy-scaled giant that feels as at home in the treetops as it does in the water. With its striking 'black and white' lips and impressive length, the Forest Cobra is a master of the tropical undergrowth.

0 Sightings
0 Habitats

Quick Identification

straighten

Size

Typically 1.4 to 2.2 m (4.6 to 7.2 ft), with record lengths reaching up to 3.2 m (10.5 ft). They usually weigh between 1 and 3.5 kg (2.2 to 7.7 lbs).

palette

Colors

Glossy black or dark brownish-gray on the back with a cream or white belly; distinctive black-edged labial scales (lips) create a 'barcoded' appearance.

visibility

Key Features

  • Distinctive black and white barring on the labial scales (lips)
  • Large, broad head with a prominent hood when threatened
  • Glossy black or dark brown dorsal scales with a pale underside
  • Thick, muscular body reaching up to 10 feet in length
add_a_photo
Is this a Forest Cobra?

Drop a photo or video, or paste from clipboard

When You’ll See Them

schedule
Activity pattern Active day and night
brightness_5
Peak hours 7-10 AM, 5-9 PM
calendar_month
Season Year-round
restaurant
Diet A generalist predator that consumes fish, frogs, lizards, small mammals, birds, and even other snakes.
park
Habitat Moist lowland forests, riverine thickets, moist savannas, and increasingly agricultural areas like fruit plantations.

public Geographic range

Where Does the Forest Cobra Live?

The Forest Cobra is a native powerhouse of the African continent, primarily distributed throughout Central and Western Africa. Its core range stretches from Senegal in the west across the lush Congo Basin and into parts of East Africa, including Uganda, Kenya, and western Tanzania. Thriving in high-moisture environments, this species is most commonly found in the tropical belt where dense canopy cover and permanent water sources are abundant.

Basemap © OpenStreetMap contributors

11 Countries
12.5M km² Range
Least Concern Conservation
Democratic Republic of the Congo NG Nigeria Cameroon GH Ghana Gabon UG Uganda Ivory Coast SN Senegal KE Kenya TZ Tanzania Angola
eco
iNaturalist / Verified observation data
View on iNaturalist open_in_new

Explore more Reptiles arrow_forward

Behavior

Forest Cobras are highly adaptable and agile elapids known for their alertness. While primarily terrestrial, they are excellent swimmers and often hunt in or around water, sometimes staying submerged for several minutes. They are also surprisingly proficient climbers, frequently scaling trees to raid bird nests or find refuge in hollow trunks. Despite their fearsome reputation, they are generally shy and will attempt to flee from human contact; however, if cornered, they stand their ground with a classic cobra hood spread and a loud, intimidating hiss.

Unlike many other cobras, the Forest Cobra is often described as one of the more intelligent and curious snake species. They have a flexible activity cycle, shifting between diurnal and nocturnal patterns depending on the local environment and temperature. Their high metabolism means they are active hunters, constantly on the move through the undergrowth or along riverbanks in search of prey.

photo_camera EverydayEarth exclusive

Camera Tips

To capture a Forest Cobra on camera, placement near water is your absolute best strategy. These snakes are highly semi-aquatic and frequently hunt for fish and amphibians. Setting your AI-powered camera along the muddy banks of a stream, pond, or even a permanent drainage ditch near a forest edge will yield the best results. Position the camera very low to the ground—no more than 12-18 inches high—and angle it slightly downward to ensure you catch the movement of a slithering body rather than just a blurry tail passing by. Use a wide-angle lens setting if available to capture the full length of this massive species.

Forest Cobras are attracted to areas with high rodent and amphibian activity. If you are placing cameras on a larger property or trail, look for hollow logs, brush piles, or the base of large buttress trees, which they use as dens or hunting grounds. While we don't recommend using artificial lures, maintaining a small garden pond or a consistently damp area naturally draws in their prey, making it a 'hotspot' for the cobra to visit. Be sure to use a high-speed trigger setting; while they may bask slowly, they strike and move with incredible speed when hunting.

Timing is flexible because they are active both day and night, but the early morning hours and the late afternoon 'golden hour' are when they are most photogenic. During the heat of the day, look for shaded, humid spots or heavy leaf litter. In suburban or plantation settings, they often frequent 'edge' habitats where the forest meets a clearing. Always ensure your camera is well-camouflaged and scent-free; while they aren't as shy as some smaller snakes, their keen eyesight and flicking tongues can make them wary of strange, metallic objects in their environment.

Frequently Asked Questions

Forest Cobras are cathemeral, meaning they are active both during the day and at night. However, they are most frequently spotted by cameras during the early morning (7-10 AM) and late afternoon as they bask or hunt for food.
You shouldn't actively try to attract venomous snakes to human-inhabited areas. However, if you live in their native range, they are naturally drawn to garden ponds, thick brush piles, and areas with high rodent populations. Maintaining a natural, 'wild' corner of your property with water is the most likely way to see one pass through.
They are generalist predators. Their diet consists of fish, frogs, toads, lizards, birds, and small mammals. They are also known to eat other snakes, including smaller venomous species.
They are becoming more common in suburban areas that border forests or include large plantations. Because they are highly adaptable, they can thrive in fruit orchards and gardens where water and prey are available.
Look at the 'lips.' The Forest Cobra has very distinct black-edged labial scales (white and black bars), whereas the Black-necked Spitting Cobra usually has a more uniform dark head and lacks that specific barred lip pattern. Additionally, the Forest Cobra is much larger and glossier.

Record Forest Cobra at your habitat

Connect a camera to start building your own species record — AI identifies every visitor automatically.

Join free Identify a photo